Madzvinyu anogona kuzvarwa patsva mushure mekurasikirwa nemiswe yawo, uye magakanje anogona kuberekwa patsva mushure mekurasikirwa netsoka, asi kana achienzaniswa nemhuka idzi dzinoita se "dzechinyakare", vanhu vakarasikirwa nehukuru hwekugona kuvandudza panguva yekushanduka-shanduka. Kukwanisa kudzorera mitezo muvanhu vakuru inenge isina, kunze kwevacheche vanogona kuberekwa patsva pavanorasikirwa neminwe yavo. Nekuda kweizvozvo, hupenyu hweavo vanorasikirwa nemakumbo nemakumbo nekuda kwetsaona kana chirwere hunogona kukanganiswa zvakanyanya, uye kuwana biological replacement yanga iri sarudzo yakakosha kuna vanachiremba kuvandudza hupenyu hwevakadimburwa.
Kare seEgypt yekare, kwave kune zvinyorwa zvemakumbo emaoko ekugadzira. Muna Conan Doyle's "Chiratidzo cheVana," munewo tsananguro yemhondi inoshandisa nhengo dzeprosthetic kuuraya vanhu.
Maprosthetics akadaro, zvisinei, anopa tsigiro yakapfava asi haagone kuvandudza zvakanyanya ruzivo rwehupenyu hweakadimburwa. Prosthetics yakanaka inofanira kukwanisa kutumira zviratidzo kumativi ose maviri: kune rumwe rutivi, murwere anogona kudzora prosthetics anozvimiririra; Kune rumwe rutivi, mutezo wokuberekesa waizoda kukwanisa kutumira manzwiro kucortex yokunzwa youropi hwomurwere, kungofanana nenhengo yomusikirwo ine tsinga, ichivapa pfungwa yokubatwa.
Zvidzidzo zvakapfuura zvakanangana nekunyora macode ehuropi kubvumidza zvidzidzo (tsoko nevanhu) kudzora maoko emurobhoti nepfungwa dzavo. Asi zvakakoshawo kupa prosthetic pfungwa. Kuita kunoratidzika kunge kwakapfava sekubata kunosanganisira mhinduro dzakaoma, apo isu tisingafungire kugadzirisa simba reminwe yedu zvichienderana nemanzwire amaoko edu, kuti tirege kutsveta zvinhu kana kudzvanya zvakanyanya. Kare, varwere vane maoko eprosthetic vaifanira kuvimba nemaziso avo kuti vaone kusimba kwezvinhu. Zvinoda kutarisisa nesimba kuti tiite zvinhu zvatinogona kuita tichibhururuka, asi kunyange zvakadaro zvinowanzopwanya zvinhu.
Muna 2011, Duke University yakaita zvakatevedzana zviedzo patsoko. Vaive netsoko dzinoshandisa pfungwa dzadzo kugadzirisa maoko echirobhoti kubata zvinhu zvakasiyana. Ruoko rwechokwadi rwakatumira masaini akasiyana kuuropi hwetsoko payakasangana nezvinhu zvakasiyana. Mushure mekudzidziswa, tsoko dzakakwanisa kunyatsotora chimwe chinhu uye kugamuchira mubairo wekudya. Haisi chete iyi ratidziro yekutanga yekugonesa kupa prosthetics pfungwa yekubata, asi zvakare inoratidza kuti tsoko dzinogona kubatanidza tactile masaini anotumirwa nehuropi hweprosthesis nemagetsi ekudzora masaini anotumirwa nehuropi kune prosthesis, ichipa yakazara. huwandu hwemhinduro kubva pakubata kusvika pakunzwa kudzora kusarudzwa kweruoko kunoenderana nekunzwa.
Kuedza, kunyangwe kwakanaka, kwaingova neurobiological uye kwaisabatanidza nhengo chaiyo yeprosthetic. Uye kuti uite izvozvo, unofanirwa kubatanidza neurobiology uye engineering yemagetsi. Muna Ndira naKukadzi wegore rino, mayunivhesiti maviri eSwitzerland neUnited States akaburitsa mapepa akazvimirira achishandisa nzira imwe cheteyo yekunamira sensoy prosthetics kuvarwere vaiedza.
Muna Kukadzi, masayendisiti eEcole Polytechnique muLausanne, Switzerland, nemamwe masangano, akashuma tsvakiridzo yavo mupepa rakaburitswa muScience Translational Medicine. Vakapa chidzidzo chemakore makumi matatu nematanhatu, Dennis Aabo S? Rensen, ine 20 nzvimbo dzekunzwa dziri muruoko rwerobhoti dzinoburitsa manzwiro akasiyana.
Iyo nzira yese yakaoma. Chekutanga, vanachiremba vepachipatara cheGimili chekuRome vakaisa maelectrodes mutsinga mbiri dzemaoko dzeSorensen, dzepakati nedzemutsinga. Ulnar nerve inodzora munwe mudiki, ukuwo tsinga yepakati inodzora index finger uye chigunwe. Mushure mekunge ma electrode aiswa, vanachiremba vakakurudzira Sorensen's median uye ulnar nerves, vachimupa chimwe chinhu chaakanga asina kunzwa kwenguva refu: akanzwa ruoko rwake rwakanga rwusipo ruchifamba. Zvinoreva kuti hapana chakaipa neSorensen's nervous system.
Masayendisiti paEcol Polytechnique muLausanne akabva anamatira masensa kuruoko rwerobhoti yaigona kutumira masaini emagetsi zvichienderana nemamiriro akaita sekumanikidza. Pakupedzisira, vatsvakurudzi vakabatanidza ruoko rwerobhoti kune ruoko rwakadamburwa rwaSorensen. Masensa ari muchanza cherobhoti anotora nzvimbo yemasenzi neurons ari muruoko rwemunhu, uye maelectrodes anopinzwa mutsinga anotsiva tsinga dzinogona kutumira masaini emagetsi muruwoko rwakarasika.
Mushure mekugadzirisa uye kugadzirisa midziyo, vatsvakurudzi vakaita nhevedzano yebvunzo. Kuti vadzivise zvimwe zvinotsausa, vakavhara maziso Sorensen, vakavhara nzeve dzake uye vakamurega achibata chete neruoko rwerobhoti. Vakaona kuti Sorensen aisagona kungotonga kuoma uye chimiro chezvinhu zvaakabata, asiwo kusiyanisa pakati pezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvakadai sezvinhu zvehuni nemucheka. Zvakare, iyo manipulator uye uropi hwaSorensen hwakanyatso kurongeka uye hunoteerera. Saka anogona kukurumidza kugadzirisa simba rake kana achinge atora chimwe chinhu ndokuchichengeta chakatsiga. "Zvakandishamisa nekuti KAMWE ndakakwanisa kunzwa chimwe chinhu chandanga ndisati ndanzwa kwemakore mapfumbamwe apfuura," Sorensen akadaro muvhidhiyo yakapihwa neEcole Polytechnique muLausanne. "Pandakafambisa ruoko rwangu, ndaigona kunzwa zvandaiita pane kutarisa zvandaiita."
Chidzidzo chakafanana chakaitwa paCase Western Reserve University muUnited States. Nyaya yavo yaive Igor Spetic, makumi mana nemasere, wekuMadison, Ohio. Akarasikirwa noruoko rwake rworudyi apo sando yakawira paari paaigadzira mativi ealuminium einjini dzejeti.
Iyo nzira inoshandiswa neCase Western Reserve University vaongorori yakada kufanana nehunyanzvi hunoshandiswa paECOLE Polytechnique muLausanne, paine musiyano wakakosha. Maelectrodes anoshandiswa paEcole Polytechnique muLausanne akabaya tsinga dziri muruwoko rwaSorensen muaxon; Maelectrodes paCase Western Reserve University haapindi neuron, asi panzvimbo pacho anokomberedza nzvimbo yayo. Iyo yekutanga inogona kuburitsa masaini chaiwo, ichipa varwere zvakanyanya kuoma uye manzwiro asina kunaka.
Asi kuita izvi kune njodzi dzinogona kuitika kune ese maelectrodes uye neuroni. Mamwe masayendisiti anonetsekana kuti maelectrode anovharisa anogona kukonzera zvisingaperi mhedzisiro pamaneuron, uye kuti maelectrodes angave asina kusimba. Nekudaro, vaongorori kumasangano ese ari maviri vane chivimbo chekuti vanogona kukunda kusasimba kwemaitiro avo. Iyo Spiderdick inoburitsawo yakanyatsojeka pfungwa yekuparadzanisa kubva sandpaper, mabhora ekotoni, uye bvudzi. Vatsvakurudzi veEcole Polytechnique muLausanne, zvisinei, vakati vane chivimbo chekugara uye kugadzikana kwemagetsi avo emagetsi, ayo akagara pakati pemwedzi mipfumbamwe negumi nemiviri mumakonzo.
Zvakadaro, kuchiri kare kuisa tsvagiridzo iyi pamusika. Pamusoro pekugara uye kuchengetedzeka, iko kureruka kwekunzwa prosthetics kuchiri kure nekuringana. Sorenson naSpecdick vakaramba vari mulabhu apo ma prosthetics aiiswa. Maoko avo, ane waya zhinji nemidziyo, haataridzi semakumbo nemakumbo esainzi ngano. Silvestro Micera, purofesa paEcole Polytechnique muLausanne akashanda pachidzidzo ichi, akati zvingangotora makore akati wandei kuti ma prosthetics ekutanga, anoita seakajairwa, abude murabhoritari.
"Ndiri kufara kuona zvavari kuita. Ndinovimba inobatsira vamwe. Ndinoziva kuti sainzi inotora nguva yakareba. Kana ini ndisingakwanisi kuishandisa ikozvino, asi munhu anotevera anogona, zvakanaka."
Nguva yekutumira: Aug-14-2021